{"id":1137,"date":"2025-03-04T23:59:31","date_gmt":"2025-03-04T20:59:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-dokuman.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/04\/thomas-hobbes-leviathan\/"},"modified":"2025-03-05T00:02:20","modified_gmt":"2025-03-04T21:02:20","slug":"thomas-hobbes-leviathan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/e-dokuman.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/04\/thomas-hobbes-leviathan\/","title":{"rendered":"Thomas Hobbes \u2013 Leviathan"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Thomas Hobbes \u2013 Leviathan (1651) Detayl\u0131 \u00d6zet<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Kitab\u0131n Genel \u00c7er\u00e7evesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thomas Hobbes\u2019un Leviathan adl\u0131 eseri, siyaset felsefesinin en \u00f6nemli klasiklerinden biridir. Hobbes, bu eserinde devletin do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131, bireyin haklar\u0131n\u0131, toplumsal d\u00fczenin nas\u0131l sa\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve me\u015fru otoritenin temellerini ele al\u0131r. Kitap, \u00f6zellikle \u201cdo\u011fa durumu\u201d (state of nature) ve \u201ctoplum s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u201d (social contract) kavramlar\u0131yla \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Hobbes, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir merkezi otoritenin (Leviathan) gereklili\u011fini savunarak, kaosu ve sava\u015f halini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in mutlak egemenli\u011fi destekler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Leviathan d\u00f6rt ana b\u00f6l\u00fcme ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u0130nsan \u00dczerine<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Devlet \u00dczerine<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Hristiyan Devleti \u00dczerine<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Karanl\u0131k Krall\u0131k \u00dczerine<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. \u0130nsan \u00dczerine (Of Man)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde Hobbes, insan do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 ve bireyin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 analiz eder. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n eylemlerini belirleyen temel d\u00fcrt\u00fcleri inceler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Bilgi ve Alg\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130nsanlar bilgiyi deneyim yoluyla elde eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Duyular\u0131m\u0131z, d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyadan gelen uyar\u0131c\u0131larla \u015fekillenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ak\u0131l, bu duyusal verileri i\u015fleyerek kavramlara ve yarg\u0131lara ula\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Arzular ve Korkular<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130nsanlar do\u011falar\u0131 gere\u011fi haz pe\u015finde ko\u015far ve ac\u0131dan ka\u00e7arlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 En g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc korku, \u00f6l\u00fcm korkusudur ve bu korku insanlar\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na y\u00f6nlendirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Do\u011fa Durumu ve \u0130nsan Do\u011fas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130nsanlar e\u015fit do\u011farlar; fiziksel ve zihinsel olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck farklar yoktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ancak insanlar a\u00e7g\u00f6zl\u00fcd\u00fcr, rekabet\u00e7idir ve kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 maksimize etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Do\u011fa durumunda herkes herkesle sava\u015f halindedir (bellum omnium contra omnes).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ya\u015fam \u201cyaln\u0131z, fakir, k\u00f6t\u00fc, vah\u015fi ve k\u0131sa\u201d olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Do\u011fa Yasalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130nsanlar do\u011fal olarak bar\u0131\u015f istemese de, ak\u0131l bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n en iyi yol oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bu nedenle insanlar, do\u011fa yasalar\u0131na uyarak toplumsal bir d\u00fczen olu\u015fturmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 En temel do\u011fa yasas\u0131, bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 aramak ve di\u011fer insanlarla uyum i\u00e7inde ya\u015famakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Devlet \u00dczerine (Of Commonwealth)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde Hobbes, toplum s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi teorisini ve egemenli\u011fin do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Toplum S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ve Egemenlik<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130nsanlar do\u011fa durumunda g\u00fcvensizlik i\u00e7inde ya\u015farlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Hayatta kalmak i\u00e7in bireyler, do\u011fal haklar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 bir otoriteye devreder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Bu otorite, Leviathan olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir merkezi devlettir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Leviathan (Mutlak G\u00fc\u00e7)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Devlet, toplumun bar\u0131\u015f ve d\u00fczenini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in mutlak otoriteye sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Egemen g\u00fc\u00e7 tek bir ki\u015fi (monar\u015fi) veya bir grup olabilir (oligar\u015fi, demokrasi).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ancak Hobbes, en etkili y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi olarak mutlak monar\u015fiyi savunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Egemenin G\u00f6revleri ve Halk\u0131n Haklar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Egemen, hukukun kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r ve halk\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Halk, egemene itaat etmek zorundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ancak egemenin halk\u0131 koruyamamas\u0131 durumunda, halk\u0131n yeni bir y\u00f6netim olu\u015fturma hakk\u0131 do\u011far.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. Hristiyan Devleti \u00dczerine (Of a Christian Commonwealth)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde Hobbes, dinin devlet \u00fczerindeki rol\u00fcn\u00fc inceler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Din ve Otorite<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Dinin devletin otoritesini tehdit etmemesi gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Devlet, dini inan\u00e7lar\u0131 denetim alt\u0131nda tutmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Teolojik Me\u015fruiyet<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Hobbes, \u0130ncil\u2019den \u00f6rnekler vererek mutlak y\u00f6netimin dini a\u00e7\u0131dan da me\u015fru oldu\u011funu savunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n otorite \u00fczerindeki etkisini s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmak gerekti\u011fini vurgular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV. Karanl\u0131k Krall\u0131k \u00dczerine (Of the Kingdom of Darkness)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu son b\u00f6l\u00fcmde Hobbes, bat\u0131l inan\u00e7lar\u0131n ve hatal\u0131 dini yorumlar\u0131n toplum \u00fczerindeki etkilerini ele al\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Yanl\u0131\u015f \u0130nan\u00e7lar ve Tehditler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Sahte din adamlar\u0131 ve hurafeler, toplumu kaosa s\u00fcr\u00fckler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Kilisenin, devletten ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak hareket etmesi tehlikelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Do\u011fru Y\u00f6netim ve Ger\u00e7ek Din<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Devletin dini kontrol etmesi, toplumsal d\u00fczen i\u00e7in gereklidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 \u0130taat, hem d\u00fcnyevi hem de dini a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7 ve Genel De\u011ferlendirme<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Hobbes, insanlar\u0131n do\u011fu\u015ftan bencil ve rekabet\u00e7i oldu\u011funu savunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Do\u011fa durumundaki kaostan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devlet gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Egemen, mutlak otoriteye sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r ve halk ona itaat etmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Dini otorite, devletin kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131nda olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hobbes\u2019un d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri, modern devlet teorisi i\u00e7in temel olu\u015fturmu\u015f ve bir\u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc etkilemi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle otoriter y\u00f6netimler ve merkeziyet\u00e7i devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etkisi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Thomas Hobbes \u2013 Leviathan (1651) Detayl\u0131 \u00d6zet 1. Kitab\u0131n Genel \u00c7er\u00e7evesi Thomas Hobbes\u2019un Leviathan adl\u0131 eseri, siyaset felsefesinin en \u00f6nemli klasiklerinden biridir. Hobbes, bu eserinde devletin do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131, bireyin haklar\u0131n\u0131, toplumsal d\u00fczenin nas\u0131l sa\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve me\u015fru otoritenin temellerini ele al\u0131r. Kitap, \u00f6zellikle \u201cdo\u011fa durumu\u201d (state of nature) ve \u201ctoplum s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u201d (social contract) kavramlar\u0131yla \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Hobbes, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1137","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-genel-dokumanlar"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-dokuman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1137","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-dokuman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-dokuman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-dokuman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-dokuman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1137"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/e-dokuman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1137\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1140,"href":"https:\/\/e-dokuman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1137\/revisions\/1140"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-dokuman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1137"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-dokuman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1137"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-dokuman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1137"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}